在可再生能源家族中，生物質(zhì)氣發(fā)電機(jī)組以其獨(dú)特的“變廢為寶”能力而備受關(guān)注。它將農(nóng)林業(yè)廢棄物、生活有機(jī)垃圾等低熱值固體生物質(zhì)資源，通過氣化轉(zhuǎn)換為可燃?xì)怏w，再驅(qū)動發(fā)電機(jī)組產(chǎn)生電能。這種技術(shù)路線既能解決可再生能源的有效利用問題，又能解決各種有機(jī)廢棄物的環(huán)境污染問題。

In the renewable energy family, biomass gas generators are highly regarded for their unique ability to turn waste into treasure. It converts low calorific value solid biomass resources such as agricultural and forestry waste and household organic waste into combustible gas through gasification, and then drives a generator set to generate electricity. This technological approach can solve both the effective utilization of renewable energy and the environmental pollution caused by various organic wastes.

技術(shù)原理與系統(tǒng)構(gòu)成

Technical principles and system composition

生物質(zhì)氣化發(fā)電技術(shù)的基本原理是把生物質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化為可燃?xì)猓倮每扇細(xì)馔苿尤細(xì)獍l(fā)電設(shè)備進(jìn)行發(fā)電。這一技術(shù)既能克服生物質(zhì)難于燃用且分布分散的缺點(diǎn)，又能充分發(fā)揮燃?xì)獍l(fā)電設(shè)備緊湊、污染少的優(yōu)勢。

The basic principle of biomass gasification power generation technology is to convert biomass into combustible gas, and then use the combustible gas to drive gas-fired power generation equipment for power generation. This technology can overcome the disadvantages of difficult combustion and dispersed distribution of biomass, while fully leveraging the advantages of compact and less polluting gas-fired power generation equipment.

一套完整的生物質(zhì)氣化內(nèi)燃發(fā)電系統(tǒng)主要由三大部分組成：氣化爐、燃?xì)鈨艋到y(tǒng)和內(nèi)燃發(fā)電機(jī)組。氣化爐是將生物質(zhì)由固態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)化為燃?xì)獾暮诵难b置——生物質(zhì)在氣化爐內(nèi)通過控制空氣供應(yīng)量進(jìn)行不完全燃燒，生成包含氫氣（H?）、一氧化碳（CO）、甲烷（CH?）等可燃成分的燃?xì)狻饣a(chǎn)生的燃?xì)獬隹跍囟入S氣化爐型式的不同在350℃至650℃之間，且含有未完全裂解的焦油及灰塵等雜質(zhì)。為滿足內(nèi)燃機(jī)長期可靠工作的要求，需要對燃?xì)膺M(jìn)行冷卻和凈化處理，使燃?xì)鉁囟冉档?0℃以下、焦油灰塵含量控制在50mg/Nm?以內(nèi)。凈化后的燃?xì)庠龠M(jìn)入內(nèi)燃機(jī)，混合空氣燃燒做功，驅(qū)動發(fā)電機(jī)進(jìn)行發(fā)電。

A complete biomass gasification internal combustion power generation system mainly consists of three parts: gasifier, gas purification system, and internal combustion generator set. A gasifier is a core device that converts biomass from solid to gas. Biomass is incompletely burned in the gasifier by controlling the air supply, producing gas containing combustible components such as hydrogen (H?), carbon monoxide (CO), and methane (CH?). The outlet temperature of the gas generated by gasification varies between 350 ℃ and 650 ℃ depending on the type of gasifier, and contains impurities such as incompletely cracked tar and dust. To meet the long-term reliable operation requirements of internal combustion engines, it is necessary to cool and purify the gas to reduce the gas temperature to below 40 ℃ and control the tar and dust content at 50mg/Nm? Within. The purified gas then enters the internal combustion engine, mixes with air to burn and do work, driving the generator to generate electricity.

生物質(zhì)氣化發(fā)電可通過三種途徑實(shí)現(xiàn)：生物質(zhì)氣化產(chǎn)生燃?xì)庵苯舆M(jìn)入燃?xì)忮仩t生產(chǎn)蒸汽再驅(qū)動蒸汽輪機(jī)發(fā)電；將凈化后的燃?xì)馑徒o燃?xì)廨啓C(jī)燃燒發(fā)電；或?qū)艋蟮娜細(xì)馑腿雰?nèi)燃機(jī)直接發(fā)電。在發(fā)電和投資規(guī)模上，三者分別對應(yīng)大規(guī)模、中等規(guī)模和小規(guī)模發(fā)電。其中，生物質(zhì)氣化內(nèi)燃發(fā)電技術(shù)由于裝機(jī)容量小、布置靈活、投資少、結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊、技術(shù)可靠、運(yùn)行費(fèi)用低廉、操作維護(hù)簡單等優(yōu)勢，在商業(yè)上得到了最廣泛的推廣與應(yīng)用。

Biomass gasification power generation can be achieved through three ways: biomass gasification produces gas that directly enters a gas boiler to produce steam and then drives a steam turbine for power generation; Send the purified gas to a gas turbine for combustion and power generation; Alternatively, the purified gas can be sent to an internal combustion engine for direct power generation. In terms of power generation and investment scale, the three correspond to large-scale, medium scale, and small-scale power generation, respectively. Among them, biomass gasification internal combustion power generation technology has been widely promoted and applied in commerce due to its advantages such as small installed capacity, flexible layout, low investment, compact structure, reliable technology, low operating costs, and simple operation and maintenance.

燃料特性與技術(shù)挑戰(zhàn)

Fuel characteristics and technical challenges

生物質(zhì)氣發(fā)電機(jī)組面臨的首要挑戰(zhàn)在于燃料的復(fù)雜性。其燃料源自農(nóng)業(yè)廢棄物、畜禽糞便、有機(jī)垃圾等，熱值波動范圍達(dá)2000至5000kcal/Nm?，且含有焦油、粉塵等雜質(zhì)。生物質(zhì)燃?xì)獾奶攸c(diǎn)是熱值低（4至6MJ/m?）、雜質(zhì)含量高，因此生物質(zhì)燃?xì)獍l(fā)電技術(shù)雖然與天然氣發(fā)電技術(shù)的原理一樣，但對發(fā)電設(shè)備的要求有更大的差別。

The primary challenge faced by biomass gas power generation units is the complexity of the fuel. Its fuel comes from agricultural waste, livestock manure, organic waste, etc., with a calorific value fluctuation range of 2000 to 5000 kcal/Nm? And it contains impurities such as tar and dust. The characteristic of biomass gas is low calorific value (4 to 6MJ/m)? ）Due to its high impurity content, although the principle of biomass gas power generation technology is the same as that of natural gas power generation technology, there are greater differences in the requirements for power generation equipment.

為保證機(jī)組可靠運(yùn)行，生物質(zhì)氣對進(jìn)氣質(zhì)量有嚴(yán)格要求：進(jìn)機(jī)燃?xì)鉁囟取?0℃，燃?xì)鈮毫?.5至10kPa，燃?xì)鉄嶂怠?.0MJ/Nm?，水分含量≤40g/Nm?且不含游離水，粉塵含量≤30mg/Nm?，粉塵粒度≤5μm，焦油含量≤50mg/Nm?，硫化氫含量≤50mg/Nm?。針對這些要求，先進(jìn)的生物質(zhì)氣發(fā)電機(jī)組通常采用非增壓自然吸氣進(jìn)氣技術(shù)，雙層管進(jìn)氣系統(tǒng)對焦油的耐受度高，進(jìn)氣閥箱可拆卸設(shè)計(jì)方便維護(hù)保養(yǎng)。

To ensure reliable operation of the unit, biomass gas has strict requirements for inlet quality: inlet gas temperature ≤ 40 ℃, gas pressure 2.5 to 10kPa, gas calorific value ≥ 4.0MJ/Nm? Is the moisture content ≤ 40g/Nm? And it does not contain free water, with a dust content of ≤ 30mg/Nm? Dust particle size ≤ 5 μ m, tar content ≤ 50mg/Nm? Hydrogen sulfide content ≤ 50mg/Nm?. In response to these requirements, advanced biomass gas generators typically adopt non pressurized naturally aspirated air intake technology. The double-layer pipe intake system has high tolerance to tar, and the intake valve box is designed to be detachable for easy maintenance.

應(yīng)用現(xiàn)狀與發(fā)展前景

Application Status and Development Prospects

生物質(zhì)氣發(fā)電機(jī)組的功率覆蓋范圍較廣，從幾十千瓦到數(shù)百千瓦不等。在燃料來源上，林區(qū)的林下廢棄物、枝椏材，農(nóng)業(yè)秸稈、棉桿，農(nóng)場的稻殼，制糖廠的蔗渣，木器加工廠的木屑，城市生活垃圾等均可作為原料。這些廢棄物經(jīng)過相應(yīng)的生物質(zhì)氣化裝置處理后即可用于發(fā)電，既有效利用了可再生能源，又保護(hù)了環(huán)境。在氣化發(fā)電過程中，內(nèi)燃發(fā)電機(jī)的冷卻水、氣化爐燃?xì)獾娘@熱以及發(fā)電機(jī)組排煙等余熱均可回收利用，實(shí)現(xiàn)熱電聯(lián)供的綜合效益。

The power coverage range of biomass gas power generation units is relatively wide, ranging from tens of kilowatts to hundreds of kilowatts. In terms of fuel sources, understory waste and branch materials from forest areas, agricultural straw and cotton stalks, rice husks from farms, sugarcane bagasse from sugar mills, sawdust from wood processing plants, urban household waste, etc. can all be used as raw materials. These wastes can be used for power generation after being processed by corresponding biomass gasification devices, which effectively utilizes renewable energy and protects the environment. In the process of gasification power generation, the cooling water of the internal combustion generator, the sensible heat of the gasifier gas, and the waste heat from the exhaust of the generator set can all be recovered and utilized, achieving the comprehensive benefits of combined heat and power generation.

生物質(zhì)氣發(fā)電機(jī)組在海外市場也取得了積進(jìn)展，已在日本、韓國、泰國、印尼、克羅地亞、羅馬尼亞、立陶宛等國家得到廣泛應(yīng)用。隨著國家對可再生能源政策的持續(xù)支持和生物質(zhì)氣化技術(shù)的不斷成熟，生物質(zhì)氣發(fā)電機(jī)組必將在解決有機(jī)廢棄物污染、促進(jìn)農(nóng)村能源結(jié)構(gòu)優(yōu)化、推動綠色低碳發(fā)展等方面發(fā)揮更加重要的作用。

Biomass gas generators have also made positive progress in overseas markets and have been widely used in countries such as Japan, South Korea, Thailand, Indonesia, Croatia, Romania, Lithuania, etc. With the continuous support of the country's renewable energy policies and the continuous maturity of biomass gasification technology, biomass gas power generation units will play a more important role in solving organic waste pollution, promoting rural energy structure optimization, and promoting green and low-carbon development.